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• Hedrich, R. and Kreuzer, I. (2023) ‘Demystifying the Venus flytrap action potential’, New Phytologist, 239(6), 2108–2112, available: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19113.
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  @article{Hedrich_2023, author = {Hedrich, Rainer and Kreuzer, Ines}, journal = {New Phytologist}, keywords = {my}, month = {07}, number = 6, pages = {2108–2112}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {Demystifying the Venus flytrap action potential}, volume = 239, year = 2023 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 Hedrich_2023 %A Hedrich, Rainer %A Kreuzer, Ines %D 2023 %I Wiley %J New Phytologist %N 6 %P 2108–2112 %R 10.1111/nph.19113 %T Demystifying the Venus flytrap action potential %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.19113 %V 239
• Iosip, A.-L., Scherzer, S., Bauer, S., Becker, D., Krischke, M., Al-Rasheid, K.A., Schultz, J., Kreuzer, I., and Hedrich, R. (2023) ‘DYSCALCULIA, a Venus flytrap mutant without the ability to count action potentials’, Current Biology, 33(3), 589–596.e5, available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.058.
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  @article{Iosip_2023, author = {Iosip, Anda-Larisa and Scherzer, Sönke and Bauer, Sonja and Becker, Dirk and Krischke, Markus and Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.S. and Schultz, Jörg and Kreuzer, Ines and Hedrich, Rainer}, journal = {Current Biology}, keywords = {my}, month = {02}, number = 3, pages = {589-596.e5}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, title = {DYSCALCULIA, a Venus flytrap mutant without the ability to count action potentials}, volume = 33, year = 2023 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 Iosip_2023 %A Iosip, Anda-Larisa %A Scherzer, Sönke %A Bauer, Sonja %A Becker, Dirk %A Krischke, Markus %A Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.S. %A Schultz, Jörg %A Kreuzer, Ines %A Hedrich, Rainer %D 2023 %I Elsevier BV %J Current Biology %N 3 %P 589-596.e5 %R 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.058 %T DYSCALCULIA, a Venus flytrap mutant without the ability to count action potentials %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.058 %V 33

• Scherzer, S., Böhm, J., Huang, S., Iosip, A.L., Kreuzer, I., Becker, D., Heckmann, M., Al-Rasheid, K.A., Dreyer, I., and Hedrich, R. (2022) ‘A unique inventory of ion transporters poises the Venus flytrap to fast-propagating action potentials and calcium waves’, Current Biology, 32(19), 4255–4263.e5, available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.051.
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  @article{Scherzer_2022, author = {Scherzer, Sönke and Böhm, Jennifer and Huang, Shouguang and Iosip, Anda L. and Kreuzer, Ines and Becker, Dirk and Heckmann, Manfred and Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.S. and Dreyer, Ingo and Hedrich, Rainer}, journal = {Current Biology}, keywords = {my}, month = 10, number = 19, pages = {4255-4263.e5}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, title = {A unique inventory of ion transporters poises the Venus flytrap to fast-propagating action potentials and calcium waves}, volume = 32, year = 2022 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 Scherzer_2022 %A Scherzer, Sönke %A Böhm, Jennifer %A Huang, Shouguang %A Iosip, Anda L. %A Kreuzer, Ines %A Becker, Dirk %A Heckmann, Manfred %A Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.S. %A Dreyer, Ingo %A Hedrich, Rainer %D 2022 %I Elsevier BV %J Current Biology %N 19 %P 4255-4263.e5 %R 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.051 %T A unique inventory of ion transporters poises the Venus flytrap to fast-propagating action potentials and calcium waves %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.051 %V 32
• Scherzer, S., Huang, S., Iosip, A., Kreuzer, I., Yokawa, K., AL-Rasheid, K.A.S., Heckmann, M., and Hedrich, R. (2022) ‘Ether anesthetics prevents touch-induced trigger hair calcium-electrical signals excite the Venus flytrap’, Scientific Reports, 12(1), 2851, available: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06915-z.
  • [ Abstract ]
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  Plants do not have neurons but operate transmembrane ion channels and can get electrical excited by physical and chemical clues. Among them the Venus flytrap is characterized by its peculiar hapto-electric signaling. When insects collide with trigger hairs emerging the trap inner surface, the mechanical stimulus within the mechanosensory organ is translated into a calcium signal and an action potential (AP). Here we asked how the Ca2+ wave and AP is initiated in the trigger hair and how it is feed into systemic trap calcium-electrical networks. When Dionaea muscipula trigger hairs matures and develop hapto-electric excitability the mechanosensitive anion channel DmMSL10/FLYC1 and voltage dependent SKOR type Shaker K+ channel are expressed in the sheering stress sensitive podium. The podium of the trigger hair is interface to the flytrap's prey capture and processing networks. In the excitable state touch stimulation of the trigger hair evokes a rise in the podium Ca2+ first and before the calcium signal together with an action potential travel all over the trap surface. In search for podium ion channels and pumps mediating touch induced Ca2+ transients, we, in mature trigger hairs firing fast Ca2+ signals and APs, found OSCA1.7 and GLR3.6 type Ca2+ channels and ACA2/10 Ca2+ pumps specifically expressed in the podium. Like trigger hair stimulation, glutamate application to the trap directly evoked a propagating Ca2+ and electrical event. Given that anesthetics affect K+ channels and glutamate receptors in the animal system we exposed flytraps to an ether atmosphere. As result propagation of touch and glutamate induced Ca2+ and AP long-distance signaling got suppressed, while the trap completely recovered excitability when ether was replaced by fresh air. In line with ether targeting a calcium channel addressing a Ca2+ activated anion channel the AP amplitude declined before the electrical signal ceased completely. Ether in the mechanosensory organ did neither prevent the touch induction of a calcium signal nor this post stimulus decay. This finding indicates that ether prevents the touch activated, glr3.6 expressing base of the trigger hair to excite the capture organ.

  @article{Scherzer2022, abstract = {Plants do not have neurons but operate transmembrane ion channels and can get electrical excited by physical and chemical clues. Among them the Venus flytrap is characterized by its peculiar hapto-electric signaling. When insects collide with trigger hairs emerging the trap inner surface, the mechanical stimulus within the mechanosensory organ is translated into a calcium signal and an action potential (AP). Here we asked how the Ca2+ wave and AP is initiated in the trigger hair and how it is feed into systemic trap calcium-electrical networks. When Dionaea muscipula trigger hairs matures and develop hapto-electric excitability the mechanosensitive anion channel DmMSL10/FLYC1 and voltage dependent SKOR type Shaker K+ channel are expressed in the sheering stress sensitive podium. The podium of the trigger hair is interface to the flytrap's prey capture and processing networks. In the excitable state touch stimulation of the trigger hair evokes a rise in the podium Ca2+ first and before the calcium signal together with an action potential travel all over the trap surface. In search for podium ion channels and pumps mediating touch induced Ca2+ transients, we, in mature trigger hairs firing fast Ca2+ signals and APs, found OSCA1.7 and GLR3.6 type Ca2+ channels and ACA2/10 Ca2+ pumps specifically expressed in the podium. Like trigger hair stimulation, glutamate application to the trap directly evoked a propagating Ca2+ and electrical event. Given that anesthetics affect K+ channels and glutamate receptors in the animal system we exposed flytraps to an ether atmosphere. As result propagation of touch and glutamate induced Ca2+ and AP long-distance signaling got suppressed, while the trap completely recovered excitability when ether was replaced by fresh air. In line with ether targeting a calcium channel addressing a Ca2+ activated anion channel the AP amplitude declined before the electrical signal ceased completely. Ether in the mechanosensory organ did neither prevent the touch induction of a calcium signal nor this post stimulus decay. This finding indicates that ether prevents the touch activated, glr3.6 expressing base of the trigger hair to excite the capture organ.}, author = {Scherzer, S{\"o}nke and Huang, Shouguang and Iosip, Anda and Kreuzer, Ines and Yokawa, Ken and AL-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. and Heckmann, Manfred and Hedrich, Rainer}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, keywords = {my}, month = {02}, number = 1, pages = 2851, title = {Ether anesthetics prevents touch-induced trigger hair calcium-electrical signals excite the Venus flytrap}, volume = 12, year = 2022 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 Scherzer2022 %A Scherzer, S{ö}nke %A Huang, Shouguang %A Iosip, Anda %A Kreuzer, Ines %A Yokawa, Ken %A AL-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. %A Heckmann, Manfred %A Hedrich, Rainer %D 2022 %J Scientific Reports %N 1 %P 2851 %R 10.1038/s41598-022-06915-z %T Ether anesthetics prevents touch-induced trigger hair calcium-electrical signals excite the Venus flytrap %U https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06915-z %V 12 %X Plants do not have neurons but operate transmembrane ion channels and can get electrical excited by physical and chemical clues. Among them the Venus flytrap is characterized by its peculiar hapto-electric signaling. When insects collide with trigger hairs emerging the trap inner surface, the mechanical stimulus within the mechanosensory organ is translated into a calcium signal and an action potential (AP). Here we asked how the Ca2+ wave and AP is initiated in the trigger hair and how it is feed into systemic trap calcium-electrical networks. When Dionaea muscipula trigger hairs matures and develop hapto-electric excitability the mechanosensitive anion channel DmMSL10/FLYC1 and voltage dependent SKOR type Shaker K+ channel are expressed in the sheering stress sensitive podium. The podium of the trigger hair is interface to the flytrap's prey capture and processing networks. In the excitable state touch stimulation of the trigger hair evokes a rise in the podium Ca2+ first and before the calcium signal together with an action potential travel all over the trap surface. In search for podium ion channels and pumps mediating touch induced Ca2+ transients, we, in mature trigger hairs firing fast Ca2+ signals and APs, found OSCA1.7 and GLR3.6 type Ca2+ channels and ACA2/10 Ca2+ pumps specifically expressed in the podium. Like trigger hair stimulation, glutamate application to the trap directly evoked a propagating Ca2+ and electrical event. Given that anesthetics affect K+ channels and glutamate receptors in the animal system we exposed flytraps to an ether atmosphere. As result propagation of touch and glutamate induced Ca2+ and AP long-distance signaling got suppressed, while the trap completely recovered excitability when ether was replaced by fresh air. In line with ether targeting a calcium channel addressing a Ca2+ activated anion channel the AP amplitude declined before the electrical signal ceased completely. Ether in the mechanosensory organ did neither prevent the touch induction of a calcium signal nor this post stimulus decay. This finding indicates that ether prevents the touch activated, glr3.6 expressing base of the trigger hair to excite the capture organ.

• Iosip, A.L., Böhm, J., Scherzer, S., Al-Rasheid, K.A.S., Dreyer, I., Schultz, J., Becker, D., Kreuzer, I., and Hedrich, R. (2020) ‘The Venus flytrap trigger hair–specific potassium channel KDM1 can reestablish the K+ gradient required for hapto-electric signaling’, PLOS Biology, 18(12), 1–29, available: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000964.
  • [ Abstract ]
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ EndNote ]
  • [ URL ]
  • [ DOI ]
  The carnivorous plant Dionaea muscipula harbors multicellular trigger hairs designed to sense mechanical stimuli upon contact with animal prey. At the base of the trigger hair, mechanosensation is transduced into an all-or-nothing action potential (AP) that spreads all over the trap, ultimately leading to trap closure and prey capture. To reveal the molecular basis for the unique functional repertoire of this mechanoresponsive plant structure, we determined the transcriptome of D. muscipula’s trigger hair. Among the genes that were found to be highly specific to the trigger hair, the Shaker-type channel KDM1 was electrophysiologically characterized as a hyperpolarization- and acid-activated K+-selective channel, thus allowing the reuptake of K+ ions into the trigger hair’s sensory cells during the hyperpolarization phase of the AP. During trap development, the increased electrical excitability of the trigger hair is associated with the transcriptional induction of KDM1. Conversely, when KDM1 is blocked by Cs+ in adult traps, the initiation of APs in response to trigger hair deflection is reduced, and trap closure is suppressed. KDM1 thus plays a dominant role in K+ homeostasis in the context of AP and turgor formation underlying the mechanosensation of trigger hair cells and thus D. muscipula’s hapto-electric signaling.

  @article{10.1371/journal.pbio.3000964, abstract = {The carnivorous plant Dionaea muscipula harbors multicellular trigger hairs designed to sense mechanical stimuli upon contact with animal prey. At the base of the trigger hair, mechanosensation is transduced into an all-or-nothing action potential (AP) that spreads all over the trap, ultimately leading to trap closure and prey capture. To reveal the molecular basis for the unique functional repertoire of this mechanoresponsive plant structure, we determined the transcriptome of D. muscipula’s trigger hair. Among the genes that were found to be highly specific to the trigger hair, the Shaker-type channel KDM1 was electrophysiologically characterized as a hyperpolarization- and acid-activated K+-selective channel, thus allowing the reuptake of K+ ions into the trigger hair’s sensory cells during the hyperpolarization phase of the AP. During trap development, the increased electrical excitability of the trigger hair is associated with the transcriptional induction of KDM1. Conversely, when KDM1 is blocked by Cs+ in adult traps, the initiation of APs in response to trigger hair deflection is reduced, and trap closure is suppressed. KDM1 thus plays a dominant role in K+ homeostasis in the context of AP and turgor formation underlying the mechanosensation of trigger hair cells and thus D. muscipula’s hapto-electric signaling.}, author = {Iosip, Anda L. and Böhm, Jennifer and Scherzer, Sönke and Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. and Dreyer, Ingo and Schultz, Jörg and Becker, Dirk and Kreuzer, Ines and Hedrich, Rainer}, journal = {PLOS Biology}, keywords = {myown}, month = 12, number = 12, pages = {1-29}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, title = {The Venus flytrap trigger hair–specific potassium channel KDM1 can reestablish the K+ gradient required for hapto-electric signaling}, volume = 18, year = 2020 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000964 %A Iosip, Anda L. %A Böhm, Jennifer %A Scherzer, Sönke %A Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. %A Dreyer, Ingo %A Schultz, Jörg %A Becker, Dirk %A Kreuzer, Ines %A Hedrich, Rainer %D 2020 %I Public Library of Science %J PLOS Biology %N 12 %P 1-29 %R 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000964 %T The Venus flytrap trigger hair–specific potassium channel KDM1 can reestablish the K+ gradient required for hapto-electric signaling %U https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000964 %V 18 %X The carnivorous plant Dionaea muscipula harbors multicellular trigger hairs designed to sense mechanical stimuli upon contact with animal prey. At the base of the trigger hair, mechanosensation is transduced into an all-or-nothing action potential (AP) that spreads all over the trap, ultimately leading to trap closure and prey capture. To reveal the molecular basis for the unique functional repertoire of this mechanoresponsive plant structure, we determined the transcriptome of D. muscipula’s trigger hair. Among the genes that were found to be highly specific to the trigger hair, the Shaker-type channel KDM1 was electrophysiologically characterized as a hyperpolarization- and acid-activated K+-selective channel, thus allowing the reuptake of K+ ions into the trigger hair’s sensory cells during the hyperpolarization phase of the AP. During trap development, the increased electrical excitability of the trigger hair is associated with the transcriptional induction of KDM1. Conversely, when KDM1 is blocked by Cs+ in adult traps, the initiation of APs in response to trigger hair deflection is reduced, and trap closure is suppressed. KDM1 thus plays a dominant role in K+ homeostasis in the context of AP and turgor formation underlying the mechanosensation of trigger hair cells and thus D. muscipula’s hapto-electric signaling.
• Palfalvi, G., Hackl, T., Terhoeven, N., Shibata, T.F., Nishiyama, T., Ankenbrand, M., Becker, D., Förster, F., Freund, M., Iosip, A., Kreuzer, I., Saul, F., Kamida, C., Fukushima, K., Shigenobu, S., Tamada, Y., Adamec, L., Hoshi, Y., Ueda, K., Winkelmann, T., Fuchs, J., Schubert, I., Schwacke, R., Al-Rasheid, K., Schultz, J., Hasebe, M., and Hedrich, R. (2020) ‘Genomes of the Venus Flytrap and Close Relatives Unveil the Roots of Plant Carnivory’, 30(12), 2312–2320.e5, available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.051.
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  @article{2020, author = {Palfalvi, Gergo and Hackl, Thomas and Terhoeven, Niklas and Shibata, Tomoko F. and Nishiyama, Tomoaki and Ankenbrand, Markus and Becker, Dirk and Förster, Frank and Freund, Matthias and Iosip, Anda and Kreuzer, Ines and Saul, Franziska and Kamida, Chiharu and Fukushima, Kenji and Shigenobu, Shuji and Tamada, Yosuke and Adamec, Lubomir and Hoshi, Yoshikazu and Ueda, Kunihiko and Winkelmann, Traud and Fuchs, Jörg and Schubert, Ingo and Schwacke, Rainer and Al-Rasheid, Khaled and Schultz, Jörg and Hasebe, Mitsuyasu and Hedrich, Rainer}, keywords = {myown}, month = {06}, number = 12, pages = {2312–2320.e5}, publisher = {Elsevier {BV}}, title = {Genomes of the Venus Flytrap and Close Relatives Unveil the Roots of Plant Carnivory}, volume = 30, year = 2020 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 2020 %A Palfalvi, Gergo %A Hackl, Thomas %A Terhoeven, Niklas %A Shibata, Tomoko F. %A Nishiyama, Tomoaki %A Ankenbrand, Markus %A Becker, Dirk %A Förster, Frank %A Freund, Matthias %A Iosip, Anda %A Kreuzer, Ines %A Saul, Franziska %A Kamida, Chiharu %A Fukushima, Kenji %A Shigenobu, Shuji %A Tamada, Yosuke %A Adamec, Lubomir %A Hoshi, Yoshikazu %A Ueda, Kunihiko %A Winkelmann, Traud %A Fuchs, Jörg %A Schubert, Ingo %A Schwacke, Rainer %A Al-Rasheid, Khaled %A Schultz, Jörg %A Hasebe, Mitsuyasu %A Hedrich, Rainer %D 2020 %I Elsevier {BV} %N 12 %P 2312--2320.e5 %R 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.051 %T Genomes of the Venus Flytrap and Close Relatives Unveil the Roots of Plant Carnivory %U https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2020.04.051 %V 30

• Scherzer, S., Shabala, L., Hedrich, B., Fromm, J., Bauer, H., Munz, E., Jakob, P., Al-Rascheid, K.A.S., Kreuzer, I., Becker, D., Eiblmeier, M., Rennenberg, H., Shabala, S., Bennett, M., Neher, E., and Hedrich, R. (2017) ‘Insect haptoelectrical stimulation of Venus flytrap triggers exocytosis in gland cells’, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114(18), 4822–4827, available: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701860114.
  • [ Abstract ]
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ EndNote ]
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  The Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula captures insects and consumes their flesh. Prey contacting touch-sensitive hairs trigger traveling electrical waves. These action potentials (APs) cause rapid closure of the trap and activate secretory functions of glands, which cover its inner surface. Such prey-induced haptoelectric stimulation activates the touch hormone jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway, which initiates secretion of an acidic hydrolase mixture to decompose the victim and acquire the animal nutrients. Although postulated since Darwin's pioneering studies, these secretory events have not been recorded so far. Using advanced analytical and imaging techniques, such as vibrating ion-selective electrodes, carbon fiber amperometry, and magnetic resonance imaging, we monitored stimulus-coupled glandular secretion into the flytrap. Trigger-hair bending or direct application of JA caused a quantal release of oxidizable material from gland cells monitored as distinct amperometric spikes. Spikes reminiscent of exocytotic events in secretory animal cells progressively increased in frequency, reaching steady state 1 d after stimulation. Our data indicate that trigger-hair mechanical stimulation evokes APs. Gland cells translate APs into touch-inducible JA signaling that promotes the formation of secretory vesicles. Early vesicles loaded with H(+) and Cl(-) fuse with the plasma membrane, hyperacidifying the "green stomach"-like digestive organ, whereas subsequent ones carry hydrolases and nutrient transporters, together with a glutathione redox moiety, which is likely to act as the major detected compound in amperometry. Hence, when glands perceive the haptoelectrical stimulation, secretory vesicles are tailored to be released in a sequence that optimizes digestion of the captured animal.

  @article{Scherzer:2017:Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A:28416693, abstract = {The Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula captures insects and consumes their flesh. Prey contacting touch-sensitive hairs trigger traveling electrical waves. These action potentials (APs) cause rapid closure of the trap and activate secretory functions of glands, which cover its inner surface. Such prey-induced haptoelectric stimulation activates the touch hormone jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway, which initiates secretion of an acidic hydrolase mixture to decompose the victim and acquire the animal nutrients. Although postulated since Darwin's pioneering studies, these secretory events have not been recorded so far. Using advanced analytical and imaging techniques, such as vibrating ion-selective electrodes, carbon fiber amperometry, and magnetic resonance imaging, we monitored stimulus-coupled glandular secretion into the flytrap. Trigger-hair bending or direct application of JA caused a quantal release of oxidizable material from gland cells monitored as distinct amperometric spikes. Spikes reminiscent of exocytotic events in secretory animal cells progressively increased in frequency, reaching steady state 1 d after stimulation. Our data indicate that trigger-hair mechanical stimulation evokes APs. Gland cells translate APs into touch-inducible JA signaling that promotes the formation of secretory vesicles. Early vesicles loaded with H(+) and Cl(-) fuse with the plasma membrane, hyperacidifying the "green stomach"-like digestive organ, whereas subsequent ones carry hydrolases and nutrient transporters, together with a glutathione redox moiety, which is likely to act as the major detected compound in amperometry. Hence, when glands perceive the haptoelectrical stimulation, secretory vesicles are tailored to be released in a sequence that optimizes digestion of the captured animal.}, author = {Scherzer, S and Shabala, L and Hedrich, B and Fromm, J and Bauer, H and Munz, E and Jakob, P and Al-Rascheid, K A S and Kreuzer, I and Becker, D and Eiblmeier, M and Rennenberg, H and Shabala, S and Bennett, M and Neher, E and Hedrich, R}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, keywords = {myown}, month = {05}, number = 18, pages = {4822-4827}, title = {Insect haptoelectrical stimulation of Venus flytrap triggers exocytosis in gland cells}, volume = 114, year = 2017 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 Scherzer:2017:Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A:28416693 %A Scherzer, S %A Shabala, L %A Hedrich, B %A Fromm, J %A Bauer, H %A Munz, E %A Jakob, P %A Al-Rascheid, K A S %A Kreuzer, I %A Becker, D %A Eiblmeier, M %A Rennenberg, H %A Shabala, S %A Bennett, M %A Neher, E %A Hedrich, R %D 2017 %J Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A %N 18 %P 4822-4827 %R 10.1073/pnas.1701860114 %T Insect haptoelectrical stimulation of Venus flytrap triggers exocytosis in gland cells %U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28416693 %V 114 %X The Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula captures insects and consumes their flesh. Prey contacting touch-sensitive hairs trigger traveling electrical waves. These action potentials (APs) cause rapid closure of the trap and activate secretory functions of glands, which cover its inner surface. Such prey-induced haptoelectric stimulation activates the touch hormone jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway, which initiates secretion of an acidic hydrolase mixture to decompose the victim and acquire the animal nutrients. Although postulated since Darwin's pioneering studies, these secretory events have not been recorded so far. Using advanced analytical and imaging techniques, such as vibrating ion-selective electrodes, carbon fiber amperometry, and magnetic resonance imaging, we monitored stimulus-coupled glandular secretion into the flytrap. Trigger-hair bending or direct application of JA caused a quantal release of oxidizable material from gland cells monitored as distinct amperometric spikes. Spikes reminiscent of exocytotic events in secretory animal cells progressively increased in frequency, reaching steady state 1 d after stimulation. Our data indicate that trigger-hair mechanical stimulation evokes APs. Gland cells translate APs into touch-inducible JA signaling that promotes the formation of secretory vesicles. Early vesicles loaded with H(+) and Cl(-) fuse with the plasma membrane, hyperacidifying the "green stomach"-like digestive organ, whereas subsequent ones carry hydrolases and nutrient transporters, together with a glutathione redox moiety, which is likely to act as the major detected compound in amperometry. Hence, when glands perceive the haptoelectrical stimulation, secretory vesicles are tailored to be released in a sequence that optimizes digestion of the captured animal.
• Fasbender, L., Maurer, D., Kreuzwieser, J., Kreuzer, I., Schulze, W.X., Kruse, J., Becker, D., Alfarraj, S., Hedrich, R., Werner, C., and Rennenberg, H. (2017) ‘The carnivorous Venus flytrap uses prey-derived amino acid carbon to fuel respiration’, New Phytol, 214(2), 597–606, available: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14404.
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  @article{RN5, author = {Fasbender, L. and Maurer, D. and Kreuzwieser, J. and Kreuzer, I. and Schulze, W. X. and Kruse, J. and Becker, D. and Alfarraj, S. and Hedrich, R. and Werner, C. and Rennenberg, H.}, journal = {New Phytol}, keywords = {my}, number = 2, pages = {597-606}, title = {The carnivorous Venus flytrap uses prey-derived amino acid carbon to fuel respiration}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 214, year = 2017 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN5 %A Fasbender, L. %A Maurer, D. %A Kreuzwieser, J. %A Kreuzer, I. %A Schulze, W. X. %A Kruse, J. %A Becker, D. %A Alfarraj, S. %A Hedrich, R. %A Werner, C. %A Rennenberg, H. %D 2017 %J New Phytol %N 2 %P 597-606 %R 10.1111/nph.14404 %T The carnivorous Venus flytrap uses prey-derived amino acid carbon to fuel respiration %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28042877 %V 214

• Bemm, F., Becker, D., Larisch, C., Kreuzer, I., Escalante-Perez, M., Schulze, W.X., Ankenbrand, M., Van de Weyer, A.L., Krol, E., Al-Rasheid, K.A., Mithofer, A., Weber, A.P., Schultz, J., and Hedrich, R. (2016) ‘Venus flytrap carnivorous lifestyle builds on herbivore defense strategies’, Genome Res, 26(6), 812–25, available: https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.202200.115.
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  @article{RN1, author = {Bemm, F. and Becker, D. and Larisch, C. and Kreuzer, I. and Escalante-Perez, M. and Schulze, W. X. and Ankenbrand, M. and Van de Weyer, A. L. and Krol, E. and Al-Rasheid, K. A. and Mithofer, A. and Weber, A. P. and Schultz, J. and Hedrich, R.}, journal = {Genome Res}, keywords = {my}, number = 6, pages = {812-25}, title = {Venus flytrap carnivorous lifestyle builds on herbivore defense strategies}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 26, year = 2016 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN1 %A Bemm, F. %A Becker, D. %A Larisch, C. %A Kreuzer, I. %A Escalante-Perez, M. %A Schulze, W. X. %A Ankenbrand, M. %A Van de Weyer, A. L. %A Krol, E. %A Al-Rasheid, K. A. %A Mithofer, A. %A Weber, A. P. %A Schultz, J. %A Hedrich, R. %D 2016 %J Genome Res %N 6 %P 812-25 %R 10.1101/gr.202200.115 %T Venus flytrap carnivorous lifestyle builds on herbivore defense strategies %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27197216 %V 26
• Bohm, J., Scherzer, S., Krol, E., Kreuzer, I., von Meyer, K., Lorey, C., Mueller, T.D., Shabala, L., Monte, I., Solano, R., Al-Rasheid, K.A., Rennenberg, H., Shabala, S., Neher, E., and Hedrich, R. (2016) ‘The Venus Flytrap Dionaea muscipula Counts Prey-Induced Action Potentials to Induce Sodium Uptake’, Curr Biol, 26(3), 286–95, available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.057.
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  @article{RN3, author = {Bohm, J. and Scherzer, S. and Krol, E. and Kreuzer, I. and von Meyer, K. and Lorey, C. and Mueller, T. D. and Shabala, L. and Monte, I. and Solano, R. and Al-Rasheid, K. A. and Rennenberg, H. and Shabala, S. and Neher, E. and Hedrich, R.}, journal = {Curr Biol}, keywords = {my}, number = 3, pages = {286-95}, title = {The Venus Flytrap Dionaea muscipula Counts Prey-Induced Action Potentials to Induce Sodium Uptake}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 26, year = 2016 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN3 %A Bohm, J. %A Scherzer, S. %A Krol, E. %A Kreuzer, I. %A von Meyer, K. %A Lorey, C. %A Mueller, T. D. %A Shabala, L. %A Monte, I. %A Solano, R. %A Al-Rasheid, K. A. %A Rennenberg, H. %A Shabala, S. %A Neher, E. %A Hedrich, R. %D 2016 %J Curr Biol %N 3 %P 286-95 %R 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.057 %T The Venus Flytrap Dionaea muscipula Counts Prey-Induced Action Potentials to Induce Sodium Uptake %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26804557 %V 26

• Gao, P., Loeffler, T.S., Honsel, A., Kruse, J., Krol, E., Scherzer, S., Kreuzer, I., Bemm, F., Buegger, F., Burzlaff, T., Hedrich, R., and Rennenberg, H. (2015) ‘Integration of trap- and root-derived nitrogen nutrition of carnivorous Dionaea muscipula’, New Phytol, 205(3), 1320–9, available: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13120.
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  @article{RN9, author = {Gao, P. and Loeffler, T. S. and Honsel, A. and Kruse, J. and Krol, E. and Scherzer, S. and Kreuzer, I. and Bemm, F. and Buegger, F. and Burzlaff, T. and Hedrich, R. and Rennenberg, H.}, journal = {New Phytol}, keywords = {my}, number = 3, pages = {1320-9}, title = {Integration of trap- and root-derived nitrogen nutrition of carnivorous Dionaea muscipula}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 205, year = 2015 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN9 %A Gao, P. %A Loeffler, T. S. %A Honsel, A. %A Kruse, J. %A Krol, E. %A Scherzer, S. %A Kreuzer, I. %A Bemm, F. %A Buegger, F. %A Burzlaff, T. %A Hedrich, R. %A Rennenberg, H. %D 2015 %J New Phytol %N 3 %P 1320-9 %R 10.1111/nph.13120 %T Integration of trap- and root-derived nitrogen nutrition of carnivorous Dionaea muscipula %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25345872 %V 205
• Kreuzwieser, J., Scheerer, U., Kruse, J., Burzlaff, T., Honsel, A., Alfarraj, S., Georgiev, P., Schnitzler, J.P., Ghirardo, A., Kreuzer, I., Hedrich, R., and Rennenberg, H. (2015) ‘The Venus flytrap attracts insects by the release of volatile organic compounds’, J Exp Bot, 66(11), 3429, available: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv242.
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  @article{RN11, author = {Kreuzwieser, J. and Scheerer, U. and Kruse, J. and Burzlaff, T. and Honsel, A. and Alfarraj, S. and Georgiev, P. and Schnitzler, J. P. and Ghirardo, A. and Kreuzer, I. and Hedrich, R. and Rennenberg, H.}, journal = {J Exp Bot}, keywords = {my}, number = 11, pages = 3429, title = {The Venus flytrap attracts insects by the release of volatile organic compounds}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 66, year = 2015 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN11 %A Kreuzwieser, J. %A Scheerer, U. %A Kruse, J. %A Burzlaff, T. %A Honsel, A. %A Alfarraj, S. %A Georgiev, P. %A Schnitzler, J. P. %A Ghirardo, A. %A Kreuzer, I. %A Hedrich, R. %A Rennenberg, H. %D 2015 %J J Exp Bot %N 11 %P 3429 %R 10.1093/jxb/erv242 %T The Venus flytrap attracts insects by the release of volatile organic compounds %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25998903 %V 66
• Scherzer, S., Bohm, J., Krol, E., Shabala, L., Kreuzer, I., Larisch, C., Bemm, F., Al-Rasheid, K.A., Shabala, S., Rennenberg, H., Neher, E., and Hedrich, R. (2015) ‘Calcium sensor kinase activates potassium uptake systems in gland cells of Venus flytraps’, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112(23), 7309–14, available: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1507810112.
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  @article{RN16, author = {Scherzer, S. and Bohm, J. and Krol, E. and Shabala, L. and Kreuzer, I. and Larisch, C. and Bemm, F. and Al-Rasheid, K. A. and Shabala, S. and Rennenberg, H. and Neher, E. and Hedrich, R.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, keywords = {my}, number = 23, pages = {7309-14}, title = {Calcium sensor kinase activates potassium uptake systems in gland cells of Venus flytraps}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 112, year = 2015 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN16 %A Scherzer, S. %A Bohm, J. %A Krol, E. %A Shabala, L. %A Kreuzer, I. %A Larisch, C. %A Bemm, F. %A Al-Rasheid, K. A. %A Shabala, S. %A Rennenberg, H. %A Neher, E. %A Hedrich, R. %D 2015 %J Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A %N 23 %P 7309-14 %R 10.1073/pnas.1507810112 %T Calcium sensor kinase activates potassium uptake systems in gland cells of Venus flytraps %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25997445 %V 112
• Lind, C., Dreyer, I., Lopez-Sanjurjo, E.J., von Meyer, K., Ishizaki, K., Kohchi, T., Lang, D., Zhao, Y., Kreuzer, I., Al-Rasheid, K.A., Ronne, H., Reski, R., Zhu, J.K., Geiger, D., and Hedrich, R. (2015) ‘Stomatal guard cells co-opted an ancient ABA-dependent desiccation survival system to regulate stomatal closure’, Curr Biol, 25(7), 928–35, available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.067.
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  @article{RN12, author = {Lind, C. and Dreyer, I. and Lopez-Sanjurjo, E. J. and von Meyer, K. and Ishizaki, K. and Kohchi, T. and Lang, D. and Zhao, Y. and Kreuzer, I. and Al-Rasheid, K. A. and Ronne, H. and Reski, R. and Zhu, J. K. and Geiger, D. and Hedrich, R.}, journal = {Curr Biol}, keywords = {my}, number = 7, pages = {928-35}, title = {Stomatal guard cells co-opted an ancient ABA-dependent desiccation survival system to regulate stomatal closure}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 25, year = 2015 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN12 %A Lind, C. %A Dreyer, I. %A Lopez-Sanjurjo, E. J. %A von Meyer, K. %A Ishizaki, K. %A Kohchi, T. %A Lang, D. %A Zhao, Y. %A Kreuzer, I. %A Al-Rasheid, K. A. %A Ronne, H. %A Reski, R. %A Zhu, J. K. %A Geiger, D. %A Hedrich, R. %D 2015 %J Curr Biol %N 7 %P 928-35 %R 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.067 %T Stomatal guard cells co-opted an ancient ABA-dependent desiccation survival system to regulate stomatal closure %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25802151 %V 25

• Kreuzwieser, J., Scheerer, U., Kruse, J., Burzlaff, T., Honsel, A., Alfarraj, S., Georgiev, P., Schnitzler, J.P., Ghirardo, A., Kreuzer, I., Hedrich, R., and Rennenberg, H. (2014) ‘The Venus flytrap attracts insects by the release of volatile organic compounds’, J Exp Bot, 65(2), 755–66, available: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert455.
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  @article{RN10, author = {Kreuzwieser, J. and Scheerer, U. and Kruse, J. and Burzlaff, T. and Honsel, A. and Alfarraj, S. and Georgiev, P. and Schnitzler, J. P. and Ghirardo, A. and Kreuzer, I. and Hedrich, R. and Rennenberg, H.}, journal = {J Exp Bot}, keywords = {my}, number = 2, pages = {755-66}, title = {The Venus flytrap attracts insects by the release of volatile organic compounds}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 65, year = 2014 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN10 %A Kreuzwieser, J. %A Scheerer, U. %A Kruse, J. %A Burzlaff, T. %A Honsel, A. %A Alfarraj, S. %A Georgiev, P. %A Schnitzler, J. P. %A Ghirardo, A. %A Kreuzer, I. %A Hedrich, R. %A Rennenberg, H. %D 2014 %J J Exp Bot %N 2 %P 755-66 %R 10.1093/jxb/ert455 %T The Venus flytrap attracts insects by the release of volatile organic compounds %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24420576 %V 65
• Paszota, P., Escalante-Perez, M., Thomsen, L.R., Risor, M.W., Dembski, A., Sanglas, L., Nielsen, T.A., Karring, H., Thogersen, I.B., Hedrich, R., Enghild, J.J., Kreuzer, I., and Sanggaard, K.W. (2014) ‘Secreted major Venus flytrap chitinase enables digestion of Arthropod prey’, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1844(2), 374–83, available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.11.009.
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  @article{RN13, author = {Paszota, P. and Escalante-Perez, M. and Thomsen, L. R. and Risor, M. W. and Dembski, A. and Sanglas, L. and Nielsen, T. A. and Karring, H. and Thogersen, I. B. and Hedrich, R. and Enghild, J. J. and Kreuzer, I. and Sanggaard, K. W.}, journal = {Biochim Biophys Acta}, keywords = {my}, number = 2, pages = {374-83}, title = {Secreted major Venus flytrap chitinase enables digestion of Arthropod prey}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 1844, year = 2014 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN13 %A Paszota, P. %A Escalante-Perez, M. %A Thomsen, L. R. %A Risor, M. W. %A Dembski, A. %A Sanglas, L. %A Nielsen, T. A. %A Karring, H. %A Thogersen, I. B. %A Hedrich, R. %A Enghild, J. J. %A Kreuzer, I. %A Sanggaard, K. W. %D 2014 %J Biochim Biophys Acta %N 2 %P 374-83 %R 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.11.009 %T Secreted major Venus flytrap chitinase enables digestion of Arthropod prey %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24275507 %V 1844

• Scherzer, S., Krol, E., Kreuzer, I., Kruse, J., Karl, F., von Ruden, M., Escalante-Perez, M., Muller, T., Rennenberg, H., Al-Rasheid, K.A., Neher, E., and Hedrich, R. (2013) ‘The Dionaea muscipula ammonium channel DmAMT1 provides NH(4)(+) uptake associated with Venus flytrap’s prey digestion’, Curr Biol, 23(17), 1649–57, available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.028.
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  @article{RN17, author = {Scherzer, S. and Krol, E. and Kreuzer, I. and Kruse, J. and Karl, F. and von Ruden, M. and Escalante-Perez, M. and Muller, T. and Rennenberg, H. and Al-Rasheid, K. A. and Neher, E. and Hedrich, R.}, journal = {Curr Biol}, keywords = {my}, number = 17, pages = {1649-57}, title = {The Dionaea muscipula ammonium channel DmAMT1 provides NH(4)(+) uptake associated with Venus flytrap's prey digestion}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 23, year = 2013 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN17 %A Scherzer, S. %A Krol, E. %A Kreuzer, I. %A Kruse, J. %A Karl, F. %A von Ruden, M. %A Escalante-Perez, M. %A Muller, T. %A Rennenberg, H. %A Al-Rasheid, K. A. %A Neher, E. %A Hedrich, R. %D 2013 %J Curr Biol %N 17 %P 1649-57 %R 10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.028 %T The Dionaea muscipula ammonium channel DmAMT1 provides NH(4)(+) uptake associated with Venus flytrap's prey digestion %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23954430 %V 23
• Demir, F., Horntrich, C., Blachutzik, J.O., Scherzer, S., Reinders, Y., Kierszniowska, S., Schulze, W.X., Harms, G.S., Hedrich, R., Geiger, D., and Kreuzer, I. (2013) ‘Arabidopsis nanodomain-delimited ABA signaling pathway regulates the anion channel SLAH3’, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 110(20), 8296–301, available: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211667110.
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  @article{RN4, author = {Demir, F. and Horntrich, C. and Blachutzik, J. O. and Scherzer, S. and Reinders, Y. and Kierszniowska, S. and Schulze, W. X. and Harms, G. S. and Hedrich, R. and Geiger, D. and Kreuzer, I.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, keywords = {my}, number = 20, pages = {8296-301}, title = {Arabidopsis nanodomain-delimited ABA signaling pathway regulates the anion channel SLAH3}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 110, year = 2013 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN4 %A Demir, F. %A Horntrich, C. %A Blachutzik, J. O. %A Scherzer, S. %A Reinders, Y. %A Kierszniowska, S. %A Schulze, W. X. %A Harms, G. S. %A Hedrich, R. %A Geiger, D. %A Kreuzer, I. %D 2013 %J Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A %N 20 %P 8296-301 %R 10.1073/pnas.1211667110 %T Arabidopsis nanodomain-delimited ABA signaling pathway regulates the anion channel SLAH3 %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23630285 %V 110

• Blachutzik, J.O., Demir, F., Kreuzer, I., Hedrich, R., and Harms, G.S. (2012) ‘Methods of staining and visualization of sphingolipid enriched and non-enriched plasma membrane regions of Arabidopsis thaliana with fluorescent dyes and lipid analogues’, Plant Methods, 8(1), 28, available: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-8-28.
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  @article{RN2, author = {Blachutzik, J. O. and Demir, F. and Kreuzer, I. and Hedrich, R. and Harms, G. S.}, journal = {Plant Methods}, keywords = {my}, number = 1, pages = 28, title = {Methods of staining and visualization of sphingolipid enriched and non-enriched plasma membrane regions of Arabidopsis thaliana with fluorescent dyes and lipid analogues}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 8, year = 2012 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN2 %A Blachutzik, J. O. %A Demir, F. %A Kreuzer, I. %A Hedrich, R. %A Harms, G. S. %D 2012 %J Plant Methods %N 1 %P 28 %R 10.1186/1746-4811-8-28 %T Methods of staining and visualization of sphingolipid enriched and non-enriched plasma membrane regions of Arabidopsis thaliana with fluorescent dyes and lipid analogues %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22867517 %V 8
• Schulze, W.X., Sanggaard, K.W., Kreuzer, I., Knudsen, A.D., Bemm, F., Thogersen, I.B., Brautigam, A., Thomsen, L.R., Schliesky, S., Dyrlund, T.F., Escalante-Perez, M., Becker, D., Schultz, J., Karring, H., Weber, A., Hojrup, P., Hedrich, R., and Enghild, J.J. (2012) ‘The protein composition of the digestive fluid from the venus flytrap sheds light on prey digestion mechanisms’, Mol Cell Proteomics, 11(11), 1306–19, available: https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M112.021006.
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  @article{RN18, author = {Schulze, W. X. and Sanggaard, K. W. and Kreuzer, I. and Knudsen, A. D. and Bemm, F. and Thogersen, I. B. and Brautigam, A. and Thomsen, L. R. and Schliesky, S. and Dyrlund, T. F. and Escalante-Perez, M. and Becker, D. and Schultz, J. and Karring, H. and Weber, A. and Hojrup, P. and Hedrich, R. and Enghild, J. J.}, journal = {Mol Cell Proteomics}, keywords = {my}, number = 11, pages = {1306-19}, title = {The protein composition of the digestive fluid from the venus flytrap sheds light on prey digestion mechanisms}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 11, year = 2012 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN18 %A Schulze, W. X. %A Sanggaard, K. W. %A Kreuzer, I. %A Knudsen, A. D. %A Bemm, F. %A Thogersen, I. B. %A Brautigam, A. %A Thomsen, L. R. %A Schliesky, S. %A Dyrlund, T. F. %A Escalante-Perez, M. %A Becker, D. %A Schultz, J. %A Karring, H. %A Weber, A. %A Hojrup, P. %A Hedrich, R. %A Enghild, J. J. %D 2012 %J Mol Cell Proteomics %N 11 %P 1306-19 %R 10.1074/mcp.M112.021006 %T The protein composition of the digestive fluid from the venus flytrap sheds light on prey digestion mechanisms %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22891002 %V 11

• Fuchs, I., Philippar, K., and Hedrich, R. (2006) ‘Ion channels meet auxin action’, Plant Biol (Stuttg), 8(3), 353–9, available: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924121.
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  @article{RN6, author = {Fuchs, I. and Philippar, K. and Hedrich, R.}, journal = {Plant Biol (Stuttg)}, keywords = {my}, number = 3, pages = {353-9}, title = {Ion channels meet auxin action}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 8, year = 2006 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN6 %A Fuchs, I. %A Philippar, K. %A Hedrich, R. %D 2006 %J Plant Biol (Stuttg) %N 3 %P 353-9 %R 10.1055/s-2006-924121 %T Ion channels meet auxin action %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16807828 %V 8

• Fuchs, I., Stolzle, S., Ivashikina, N., and Hedrich, R. (2005) ‘Rice K+ uptake channel OsAKT1 is sensitive to salt stress’, Planta, 221(2), 212–21, available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-004-1437-9.
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  @article{RN8, author = {Fuchs, I. and Stolzle, S. and Ivashikina, N. and Hedrich, R.}, journal = {Planta}, keywords = {my}, number = 2, pages = {212-21}, title = {Rice K+ uptake channel OsAKT1 is sensitive to salt stress}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 221, year = 2005 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN8 %A Fuchs, I. %A Stolzle, S. %A Ivashikina, N. %A Hedrich, R. %D 2005 %J Planta %N 2 %P 212-21 %R 10.1007/s00425-004-1437-9 %T Rice K+ uptake channel OsAKT1 is sensitive to salt stress %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15599592 %V 221

• Fuchs, I., Philippar, K., Ljung, K., Sandberg, G., and Hedrich, R. (2003) ‘Blue light regulates an auxin-induced K+-channel gene in the maize coleoptile’, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100(20), 11795–800, available: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2032704100.
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  @article{RN7, author = {Fuchs, I. and Philippar, K. and Ljung, K. and Sandberg, G. and Hedrich, R.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, keywords = {my}, number = 20, pages = {11795-800}, title = {Blue light regulates an auxin-induced K+-channel gene in the maize coleoptile}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 100, year = 2003 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN7 %A Fuchs, I. %A Philippar, K. %A Ljung, K. %A Sandberg, G. %A Hedrich, R. %D 2003 %J Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A %N 20 %P 11795-800 %R 10.1073/pnas.2032704100 %T Blue light regulates an auxin-induced K+-channel gene in the maize coleoptile %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500901 %V 100
• Philippar, K., Buchsenschutz, K., Abshagen, M., Fuchs, I., Geiger, D., Lacombe, B., and Hedrich, R. (2003) ‘The K+ channel KZM1 mediates potassium uptake into the phloem and guard cells of the C4 grass Zea mays’, J Biol Chem, 278(19), 16973–81, available: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M212720200.
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  @article{RN14, author = {Philippar, K. and Buchsenschutz, K. and Abshagen, M. and Fuchs, I. and Geiger, D. and Lacombe, B. and Hedrich, R.}, journal = {J Biol Chem}, keywords = {my}, number = 19, pages = {16973-81}, title = {The K+ channel KZM1 mediates potassium uptake into the phloem and guard cells of the C4 grass Zea mays}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 278, year = 2003 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN14 %A Philippar, K. %A Buchsenschutz, K. %A Abshagen, M. %A Fuchs, I. %A Geiger, D. %A Lacombe, B. %A Hedrich, R. %D 2003 %J J Biol Chem %N 19 %P 16973-81 %R 10.1074/jbc.M212720200 %T The K+ channel KZM1 mediates potassium uptake into the phloem and guard cells of the C4 grass Zea mays %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12611901 %V 278

• Philippar, K., Fuchs, I., Luthen, H., Hoth, S., Bauer, C.S., Haga, K., Thiel, G., Ljung, K., Sandberg, G., Bottger, M., Becker, D., and Hedrich, R. (1999) ‘Auxin-induced K+ channel expression represents an essential step in coleoptile growth and gravitropism’, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96(21), 12186–91, available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10518597.
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  @article{RN15, author = {Philippar, K. and Fuchs, I. and Luthen, H. and Hoth, S. and Bauer, C. S. and Haga, K. and Thiel, G. and Ljung, K. and Sandberg, G. and Bottger, M. and Becker, D. and Hedrich, R.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, keywords = {my}, number = 21, pages = {12186-91}, title = {Auxin-induced K+ channel expression represents an essential step in coleoptile growth and gravitropism}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 96, year = 1999 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 RN15 %A Philippar, K. %A Fuchs, I. %A Luthen, H. %A Hoth, S. %A Bauer, C. S. %A Haga, K. %A Thiel, G. %A Ljung, K. %A Sandberg, G. %A Bottger, M. %A Becker, D. %A Hedrich, R. %D 1999 %J Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A %N 21 %P 12186-91 %T Auxin-induced K+ channel expression represents an essential step in coleoptile growth and gravitropism %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10518597 %V 96